Bertrand Russell. Works (1897-1922)

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)

Bertrand Russell (1872-1970)

“Experience has shown us that, hitherto, the frequent repetition of some uniform succession or coexistence has been a cause of our expecting the same succession or coexistence on the next occasion . . . Things that we see become associated, by habit, with certain tactile sensations which we expect if we touch them . . .  And this kind of association is not confined to men; in animals also it is very strong. A horse which has been often driven along a certain road resists the attempt to drive him in a different direction. Domestic animals expect food when they see the person who usually feeds them. We know that all these rather crude expectations of uniformity are liable to be misleading. The man who has fed the chicken every day throughout its life at last wrings its neck instead, showing that more refined views as to the uniformity of nature would have been useful to the chicken” (Russell, The Problems of Philosophy,1912).